All posts by es101

Travel Day/Reflection

Well, we left Glover’s reef this morning and now I’m back in Houston.

As I look back on my time in Belize, I can’t help but marvel at how the tropical rainforest and coral reef each tell their own story, yet share so many similarities. Both are vibrant ecosystems teeming with life, where every inch seems to host something new and surprising. Whether it was towering trees covered in epiphytes or coral heads bursting with schools of fish, these places had layers upon layers of life that created an overwhelming sense of wonder.

One thing that really struck me is how both the rainforest and reef are built in three dimensions. In the rainforest, I saw how even a single tree could be home to ants, epiphytes, and hidden birds’ nests, all stacked together in this complex network. The reef felt the same way, with fish weaving between corals and sea fans swaying with the current. All of this structure gives room for so many different species to coexist, which I think is a big reason why they’re both so incredibly diverse.

Of course, there were some big differences too. The rainforest felt dark and mysterious, with all sorts of insects crawling around on the forest floor. The reef was much brighter and more colorful, with fish flashing by and rays of sunlight piercing the water. The rainforest almost felt ancient and hushed, like a hidden cathedral, while the reef seemed alive with constant motion and sound.

When I first signed up for this course, I knew I’d be learning a lot about these ecosystems, but I didn’t realize how much of it would come from actually being out in the field. I loved being able to see everything up close and hear about the unique ways plants and animals interact. My absolute favorite moment was the day we explored the ATM caves. The crystal-clear water, the towering ceilings, and the human history woven into that space made it feel completely surreal. It was something I’ll never forget. On the other hand, I could have done without the cockroach invasion that first night at Las Cuevas! Finding them in my pillow was definitely a low point, but it gave me a whole new appreciation for how adaptable those little creatures are.

Three things really stand out that I know I’ll remember for years. First, I was amazed to learn that even though the rainforest is so green and lush, the soil itself isn’t rich in nutrients. The nutrients are mostly in the plants and animals themselves, and as things break down, they’re recycled really quickly back into the ecosystem. Second, seeing how mutualistic relationships work in both the rainforest and the reef was eye-opening. Whether it was ants defending cecropia trees or coral polyps sheltering algae, it was so cool to see how cooperation really drives these ecosystems forward. Lastly, hearing Rafael Manzanero from FCD talk about conservation challenges made me realize how complicated it all is. It’s not just about protecting animals or trees, but about balancing people’s livelihoods and the forest itself. It got me thinking about environmental law and how real conservation work has to include everyone.

This trip taught me to embrace both the awesome and the uncomfortable moments. I’ll never forget seeing a puma in our camera trap photos, swimming alongside parrotfish on the reef, or watching the sun go down from the bird tower in the rainforest. Five years from now, I’m sure I’ll still be thinking about the night we caught a squid off the dock and the quiet moment in the rainforest when it hit me just how alive everything really is. I’m so grateful for every day of this experience, even the ones with cockroaches in my bed.

(Photos taken by Scott Solomon)

-Emily

Day 14: The last swim

Last day on the island :(. This morning, we took on a new project: trash collection! We were given 6 large trash bags and an assignment to make something out of it. So, we decided to look at trash distribution around the island, trying to understand how trash density would vary based on currents and the structure of the atoll. We chose 3 locations to collect from: the beach by our dorms, the coral graveyard, and the mangrove trail.

It was so saddening how quickly our trash bags went and how little they did. Especially at the coral graveyard, they barely made any sort of dent.

Afterwards, we did a Lionfish dissection, and then proceeded to eat the Lionfish. Even though my Lionfish was pretty large, there was nothing in its stomach, we could not locate the gonads, and there were no otoliths to be found. It was super yummy, though!

We spent the afternoon packing, but mostly swimming and hanging out on the dock. After only swimming in the ocean in full gear, it was really fun to just jump in without flippers in a regular swimsuit! The water was perfect and the setting sun was absolutely gorgeous. I had so much fun swimming with the fish near the dock and looking through my goggles at the sandy floor. Thankfully, I did not step on anything sharp or pointy!

Digital Camera

Our last presentations highlighted eels, seahorses & trumpetfish, and L

ionfish & other invasive species. I did not see any eels, seahorses, or trumpetfish on this trip, but I’m sure they were all there, just a bit trickier to spot than the vibrant, flamboyant reef fish.

Although I am sad the trip has finally come to a close, I am just so happy I got to be here and experience all of these awesome things in Belize.

-Emily

Day 13: Reef Mysteries

This morning, we set off to study the differences between Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and non-MPAs. We wanted to survey the different areas and observe differences in algal growth, coral structures, fish biodiversity, bleaching, and general species presence. To do this, we decided to utilize quadrant sampling. We hypothesized that the MPAs will have higher biodiversity and greater reef health as compared to non-MPAs.

Out on the reef, I saw so many yellow jacks! I actually saw some preying on what appeared to be some clown wrasses near the edge/by a reef drop-off. They were very quick and would swim off as soon as they had caught the wrasse in their mouth. We also saw a dolphin swimming by the boat on our way back to the island!

After returning from our morning adventure out on the reef, we compiled all of the data each pair had collected and observed the results. In general, our findings were a bit inconclusive and there was quite a bit of margin for error.

Our presentations today were on cryptobenthic fish, groupers, and a deeper dive on wrasses. The cryptobenthic fish presentation was interesting and a bit eye opening, as the quantity of these small fish is actually so great and their entire survival strategy is dependent on constantly reproducing in vast numbers.

-Emily

Day 12: Catch of the day

Today we got together in the wet lab and went through all of our findings from the parrotfish study yesterday. On the striped parrotfish, we found that they usually swim in large, informal groups that re-convene at the edge of the coral or in the sea grass. We mostly observed juveniles, although there was at least one male spotted in both of our groups. On average, it was around 5-6 fish that we would see swimming together. Usually the fish were eating algae off of grass, but sometimes they would also eat off of coral.

When all of the parrotfish groups got together, we found that all of the species had been eating algae, and only a few of them would appear to actually be eating pebbles or the seagrass itself. Also, all of the species primarily lived near reef edges.

Later on, we went out into the shallow waters to try and collect any creatures we could catch and birng them back to the wet lab to analyze. I was really impressed with how some TFBs could just snatch them right out of the water. I successfully caught a fish too! I’m not even sure how I did it, it practically just swam right into my tray. The creepiest catch was definitely the box jellyfish Elise caught near the mangroves. Apparently it was just hanging out near her leg! I don’t think the box jellies here are nearly as dangerous as the Australian ones, but it was still horrifying to hear that we were just standing that close to them the whole time.

In the water I also saw a lot more needlefish! They were super fast and too smart to get caught in our meagre trays and buckets, but I observed them swimming near the surface in groups of 3-4 and darting around, presumably catching smaller fish just like us.

For our poster on the parrotfish today, I took the job of illustrating our observations-the fish! It was really cool to put them on the paper and try to match each of their unique colors to the reference pictures we had.

This afternoon, we went on a walk around the island and spent a good amount of time in the coral graveyard. It was fascinating to observe the gradient of color, starting with the living coral in the sea, and finally progressing to the grey, dead coral that had been fossilized and is now fully exposed on the shore. We also picked up many little creatures that lived in the shallow waters along the coast.

I gave my presentation on piscivorous fish tonight, and we learned about sharks and rays in addition to angelfish. Angelfish also practice protogynous hermaphroditism, which I really did not know about before this trip, but seems to be quite common among the reef fish.

Tonight, instead of going for a night snorkel due to precarious wind conditions, we fished off of the dock! The highlight BY FAR was Claire D catching a squid! It was absolutely unbelievable-she somehow captured the (not so) little guy on the first try in a tiny net and successfully transferred it to one of the buckets we had set up. Once in the bucket, the squid inked! In addition to the squid, we also collected fish, shrimp, and a glass eel! It was one of, if not the most, memorable nights of the trip thus far.

Screenshot

-Emily

Day 11: Parrotfish

Today we set off to observe some parrotfish in the reef! We decided to highlight 4 species: striped, red tail, stoplight, and red band. Our research methods involve recording and following the fish around for 5 minutes and noting their behavioral patterns in the reef. We split into pairs and designated different portions of the reef to each group as to minimize the potential overlap there may be. Generally, we are asking what the parrotfish eat and which species are eating what. Tomorrow morning we are going to come back and analyze all of these findings.

(Striped parrotfish would occasionally venture in smaller numbers into the reef, but would spend most of their time in larger groups near the edge, constantly eating algae)

While we were out on the reef, I also saw a few piscivorous fish. On the surface of the water, I saw a few needlefish darting by. Near the reef edges, I observed a few groups of Spanish mackerel swimming together. I also saw several yellow jacks while observing the parrotfish. So far, I have not seen any of my piscivorous fish preying or attacking other fish, but I’m sure if I watch them for any extended period of time that’s bound to happen.

(donkey dung sea cucumber found)

I sat out of the afternoon snorkel for some personal reasons, which was definitely the right call for me, and I got to rest up a bit, which felt really good.

This afternoon, we heard some presentations from the people who work here at Glover’s Reef. It was cool to hear about the goals and mission of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), which is the parent organization that runs this station and several others. They aim to conserve and protect both the lands and waters of Belize, connecting the two. Also, they are making a special effort to manage the natural resources in a sustainable way.

The marine biologist here told us a bit about the fishing practices allowed that prevent damage to the marine ecosystems. There is a strict limit on the amount of fishing that cane be done, and there are guidlines in place for the popular conch and lobster seasons. There are also coast guards stationed here on the island who carry weapons and scare off any illegal activities.

The taxon presentations highlighted surgeonfish and wrasses, which actually both participate in some unique practices on the reef in which they clean other fish that would often be their natural predators.

-Emily

Day 10: First dips

This morning we went out for our first snorkel! It was hardly a real snorkel, we really just dipped our flippers in the water and tested our new gear out. But still, it was a great time and I was reminded of how sensitive my eyes are to salt water!

(some pretty shells by the room)

In the afternoon, we set off for a deeper look into our taxa in the reef, and I got to see a lot of my piscivorous fish out in the wild! I saw several yellow jack swimming among sea roads, some black groupers near the floor by some dead corals, and also a Nassau grouper hanging out in a little creviceby the bottom of the reef. It was really exciting to see the fish after researching them before this trip.

Later on, some of us got dressed up to take pictures on the dock!

KODAK Digital Still Camera

This evening, we heard taxon presentations on angelfish, damselfish, and I did my topic lecture on the evolution and ecology of damselfish. I think the trickiest part of this week will be limiting my sun exposure, as I really do not want to get cooked on the trip.

-Emily

Day 9: Reef Arrival!

Today we set off for the reef! The boat ride from mainland Belize to Glover’s was so breathtaking and only a bit choppy in the middle. As soon as we got off the boat it felt like we were transported to a magical, new place. We got to just hang out a bit in the evening before dinner and presentations, which highlighted parrotfish, soft corals, and then a lecture on the ecology and evolution of parrotfish.

It was cool to learn about the hormonal mechanisms in parrotfish that cause them to transition from females into males if needed. Apparently, they also sleep for nearly 10 hours every day in a mucus bubble that protects them from potential predators.

The soft corals presentation really highlighted all of the soft corals we will be seeing in the upcoming days, which is getting me hyped for all of the snorkeling to come!

I have not seen any cockroaches on the island so far, and since we have not snorkeled yet I cannot report anything on my reef taxon. I have seen some insane crabs, though! The land crabs are so terrifying, I had no idea there would be so many of them or that they would be this large. I wish that they didn’t always hang out by the showers at night but it seems they are relatively harmless, just a bit terrifying.

-Emily

Day 8: ATM Caving

The ATM cave was literally one of the coolest things I’ve ever done! It will be difficult to even describe what we just did since it was so unique and we couldn’t take any pictures, but seriously, if any future TFBs are reading this post, this travel day absolutely will not disappoint.

The entrance to the cave looks like a mermaid’s lagoon-just this beautiful stone arch shrouded in the natural flora of Belize with crystal waters gushing out of the inner cave. When we entered, I could hardly believe my eyes it was so magical. The cave ceiling was so high and the conditions inside the cave were so pleasant it barely felt real. As we traversed deeper into the cave, my fascination only continued to grow. We made our way though narrow passages and natural springs of water while learning about the ancient Maya people and their beliefs surrounding the cave. I 100% understand why they would have thought this cave had some deep connection to spirituality and specifically the underworld, especially knowing that all of their rituals in the cave involved some form of drugs and alcohol.

When we got to the largest room in the cave, our guide explained what researchers believed about the Maya remains we could observe. All of the pottery they left behind had serious meaning and I saw the reflections on the cave walls that they believed to be their gods. If all of this were not already crazy enough, seeing the full human skeleton in the cave certainly pushed the experience over the edge. At the time when the Maya were using the ATM cave, they were living through a mini ice-age when there was no rain for their crops. So, they started making human sacrificed to appease their gods out of desperation. They first started with adult sacrifices, then teenagers, then children, and finally infants when nothing worked. It was very grounding to learn about what lengths people will go to in times of absolute despair.

When we made our way out of the cave, we had to pass through some extremely narrow, tight spots, which honestly made me a bit nervous at times. Even though I knew that I was safe the entire time, sliding down some of the rocks and squeezing through those spaces was unsettling. It made a lot of sense to me why only a few Maya would enter the cave at a time. Besides it being a sacred ritual that only a few were aloud to partake in, it would be extremely stressful to go through that cave with no modern safety measures and a village including young children and elderly.

Tonight we made it to the Belize Zoo and got a personal tour after sunset. It was really awesome to see jaguars, puma, margay, and a Belizean porcupine up close. I’ve seen a few cockroaches around the premises including one green cockroach (panchlora nivea) flying around a source of light and two oriental cockroaches in the shower. I also may have seen a smoky-brown cockroach scurrying around near the bathroom sink.

-Emily

Day 7: Jungle Highlights-Mammals, Parasites, and the Puma!

This morning, we went out to collect our camera traps in the rainforest. We also learned about ant lion caterpillars and saw their homes underneath the lodging of the research station.

This afternoon, we went through double the usual amount of presentations, since tomorrow will  be our travel day. Overall, we learned about Fungi & Lichen, rainforest mammals, diseases and parasites, hard corals, sponges, and coral reef frameworks. I will include a little about what I learned from each of them.

For fungi and lichen, I learned about some cool different species. Turkey tail fungi are concave, fan-like, brown-grey in color, and grow in shelf-like clusters. The common tree oyster is concave, fan-like, solid, white-grey/brown, and also grows in shelf-like clusters. Common puffballs are convex, pear-like, solid white, have internal reproductive structures, grow individually, and are attached to decaying wood. The common green-shield lichen are foliose, have round lobes, grow loose to bark, and are light-green to yellow in their coloration. The common southern soldiers lichen have red reproductive structures, are generalists, and are usually green to grey in color. The asterisk lichen are small, tight and crowded in their growth patterns, and are often star-shaped. I also learned that lichen can grow on nearly anything, even a glass bottle!

On rainforest mammals, I learned that they all have lightweight bones and flexible joints. Some of the most interesting species discussed included the jaguar, margay, procionidae, and coatimundi. The jaguar is South America’s largest cat and is the apex predator of the jungle. It is very muscular, has a distinctive pattern on its fur, and apparently there are around 400 that live in the Chiquibul rainforest. The margay are small, noctournal cats with a distinctly rounded head, large eyes, and a very long tail that climb head-first down trees. The procionidae family includes racoons and they are distinctive for their elongated bodies and shortened legs. The coatimundi is diurnal, have long, pointed snouts, and tails that are nearly half of their body length. Mammals are essential for seed dispersal and pollination in the rainforest. Also, bats are the only winged mammals in the rainforest. It was really cool to learn about all of these mammals, so far the only ones I have seen are goutti in the garden and bats in the rafters.

The diseases and parasites lecture was really fascinating and it made me very glad that I had my Malaria meds with me. Apparently malaria has been in decline and dengue fever has been on the rise based on recent studies. Yet, we also learned that malaria cases are widely under-reported, and many more people get the disease than most numbers suggest. There were several other diseases highlighted in the lecture, but the main takeaway for me was to wear bugspray consistently and light layers whenever I’m in the rainforest.

The hard corals presentation was a fun change of pace since it was the first reef lecture we’ve had to far! Corals are the backbone of the reef ecosystem and are comprised of groups of polyps. They have tentacles and are often engaged in symbiotic relationships with algae species. Also, they are all capable of stinging!! I already knew that some coral were venomous, but I had no idea that they were all dangerous, which is important to know before getting there.

Sponges are quite simple organisms but it was cool to learn a bit more about them. As an organism, sponges’ living strategy is working as a conglomerate of cells together, each cell processing oxygen and CO2 and discharging waste into the sea. They can reproduce sexually or asexually, with there being some tradeoffs for each method. For sexual reproduction, sponges will bud, which results in no genetic diversity, and they cannot get very far, but it is safer and more reliable than sexual reproduction. Sponges may participate in sexual reproduction if their own environment is in danger and they need their offspring to go further.

The final presentation on coral reef frameworks taught me a lot about the overall diversity of the coral reef. There are a lot of destructive forces that can harm reefs, and they are an extremely delicate ecosystem.

Looking through our camera trap photos this evening did not disappoint at all! My camera honestly captured

one of the best photos with a puma strolling down the path!

Tonight, we had a little campfire in the rainforest and had a great time reflecting on our highs and lows of the trip so far. I said that catching the puma on my camera was definitely a high, and that findings all of those cockroaches in my bed on night 3 was a low. It was lovely to just stop for a moment and reflect with everyone on how special this trip has been.

KODAK Digital Still Camera

Tomorrow we will depart and make our way to the ATM caves! So I’m (hopefully) off for an early bedtime.

-Emily

Day 6: Sunset Spires and Pitfall Surprises

Morning cave expedition!! This morning, I got the chance to finally do a bit of laundry while the first round of TFBs went into the Las Cuevas cave system. Afterwards, we quickly set off to collect our pitfall traps, wanting to waste no time. Around 11:30am we returned with the traps and began the presentations for the day.

The first presentation focused on bees, and I learned a few things that made me less afraid! So many of the bees here are actually stingless, or not aggressive. There are a few species that have been Africanized and are actually quite aggressive with stingers, but for the most part it sounds like they are not out to get me.

We also learned about arachnids, one fun fact was that the red rump tarantula can be crushed and combined with alcohol and herbs to treat muscular dystrophy!

(Lizard caught by the cave)

So, going over the results from our pitfall trap experiment was honestly quite gross. It smelled awful by the sink and I felt so bad for Sam, who had to go through all of the samples and identify the (pee-covered) ants, which was unsurprisingly the most common taxon caught in the traps. I made the drawing for our poster methods which was quite fun!

This evening, we hiked to the bird tower for sunset! It was absolutely unreal seeing the rainforest from that vantage point. I just couldnt believe how lucky I was to be up there taking it all in with th other TFBs.

Once the sun had gone down on our hike back, I think I saw a few cockroaches come out! I definitely saw a few of the brown-banded cockroach, or supella longipalpa, hiding around some bark and leaves on the way back to Las Cuevas, and I think I may have also spotted a peppered roach, too!

-Emily