All posts by Sam Forman

Course Wrap Up: an “Un-Belize-able” experience

This class was nothing short of amazing. While it was taxing (so far from home, so much energy every day,) it was still an incredible experience. In my initial blog, I mentioned that I expected to be wowed- and that I most certainly was. One thing that wowed me: how cool ants and wrasses are! My research was cool, but seeing them and their behaviors first hand was truly something else. I loved seeing my taxa out in the wild! Another thing, my physical capability to live there. Las Cuevas and Glover’s are two fairly simple places to live – minimal internet connectivity, no AC, Clivus (mentioned in my glover’s day one blog,) just to name a few. Not only did I survive, I thrived.

On the topic of thriving, I’ll mention my favorite and least favorite parts. To get it out of the way, clivus was my least favorite part. He was character building, but I could have used a real flushing toilet. My favorite part, however, is hard to put into one single favorite part. So I’ll do two: one personal growth, and one TFB-related. Personal growth wise, this was the first time I have done something totally new and away from family in a while. I was sad and stressed those first couple of days. Once I realized what was happening, I was ecstatic. (Important context here: I am asleep away camp counselor) I realized that I was experiencing what my campers were. They feel this way at camp for the first time, and because my first time was so long ago, I couldn’t know how they feel. Huge personal and camp-professional growth totally unrelated to TFB. On the topic of TFB, my favorite part of the course must have been either excavating the Leafcutter nest or dissecting the lionfish. In these two cases, I got to see my taxa up close and see my research in action_ I researched fungal gardens of Leafcutters and lionfish invasive predation on wrasses, and seeing it IRL after all of that research was like nothing ever before.  The personal growth, leafcutter excavation, and dissecting a lionfish are three things I will certainly never forget. I will also never forget our visit to the ATM cave and all of the rich Maya history in the region- I would have loved to go back in time to see the cave being used IRL, but the remnants they left (except the human remains) were still so awesome and fun to see!

Another great part of the course was the ability to compare and contrast the two different ecosystems we visited- the reef and the rainforest. Right off the bat, you can guess they are fairly dissimilar- one is in the air, the other in the ocean, so how similar can they be? Well, the answer might surprise you. Because of the nature of the tropics (more sun in the days and more direct sun) You can find both the reef and the rainforest using it in cool ways. Rainforests have much richer canopies than floors or soils, and reefs are somewhat similar, they are also considered to be “nutrient poor” despite their rich biodiversity. Another favorite comparison of mine to make was connecting my taxa to the opposite ecosystem. I attempted to find the ants of the sea, which could be corals, glass shrimp, or even wrasses, while we determined birds were the wrasses of the sky (not the other way around, according to Dr. Evans.)

Overall, this course was so fantastic, and I highly recommend it for anyone in the future considering applying, you won’t regret it!

Images:

Boat Ride Away from Glover’s 🙁
Conch Shell on the Beach
Me + Other TFB’s enjoying a N&Y (nap and yap) session on the dock
Sunrise on the Bird Tower
Me, Dylan, and Lily on the bus to IAH from Rice on 5/16!

 

Day 14: Last Full Day at Glovers!

May 29, 2025

GRRS Day 5

Our last full day at GRRS and in Belize did not disappoint! You may remember that I remarked that parts of Middle Caye, the island Glover’s Reef Research Station sits on, is covered in trash. Our morning began with a proposal from Drs. Evans and Solomon: find a research project that can include picking up trash! We decided to see how currents on each side of the island affect trash deposition and percent coverage. The island, because it sits on the edge of an atoll, is exposed to both the protected waters of the atoll, the open ocean, and the barrier between the two. We decided to use quadrats to measure how much trash was on a protected area (the mangroves,) an exposed area (the coral graveyard,) and an area right in between (the beach outside the dorms.) Our results were inconclusive due to our small sample size limited by time, but we may have been on to something! As always, the research poster is pasted below. 

In the afternoon, we had another super fun activity: dissecting a Lionfish. There were 5 available, so Claire and I got out own small one. However, regarding consumption, looks can be deceiving. As the wrasse man, I surely must bring wrasses into my blog. I wasn’t the one to bring the wrasses here though, the lionfish did. The invasive species not only wreaked havoc on the coral reef ecosystem, they (the sex of our lionfish was unknown) wreaked havoc  on the juvenile yellowhead wrasse population as well. I found not one, but TWO juvenile yellowhead wrasses in our lionfish. And a couple unidentifiable fish that could have been wrasses as well. Our lionfish wasn’t the only one though, as Adam and Sadhana’s ALSO had a juvenile yellowhead head wrasse in its belly. Deplorable. Thankfully, these invasive aliens are no longer wreaking havoc on the coral reef ecosystem of Glover’s Atoll. While I was sad to see the contents of their stomach, seeing these lionfish up close was such a treat and a great way to end our time at GRRS and in Belize! 

Images:

“Getting Waste(d)” Trash Project
Wrasses in my Lionfish’s Stomach
“I Can See You (Taylor’s Version) (From the Vault)”
Our Lionfish <3

Day 13: MPA Day!

May 28, 2025
GRRS Day 4
Another great day to be a TFB! In the morning, we developed a project to investigate the benefit of Marine Protected Areas. A Marine Protected Area is an area in which human activity (such as fishing) is restricted to promote ecosystem health. Because Glover’s contains both protected areas and non-protected areas, we could have easy access to observe both areas. We decided to use quadrats, or 2’x2’ squares used in ecology for sampling areas representative of a larger habitats. By placing them and finding out the amount of species inside them, we could determine which area has a generally healthier ecosystem. Our observations, though statistically insignificant due to small sample size, showed that Marine Protected Areas had healthier ecosystems. As always, our poster presentation is included below!
In addition to placing the quadrats, our morning snorkel had many cool things to see, including many cool wrasses! I was excited to see a mature yellow headed wrasse, as I haven’t seen many adults thus far!
In the closing meeting, our professors shared that tomorrow we would be packing to head out bright and early on Friday morning, and wow, I can’t believe we’re already here at the end of the course!
Images:
MPA Project Poster
Adult Yellowheaded Wrasse

Day 12: Parrotfish Eating and Middle Caye Exploration!

May 27, 2025

GRRS Day 3 

Today was a bit more of a chill day… all 16 of us I think are a little tired. Excited and happy to be here, but definitely tired. Luckily, there is amazing tropical field biology to be seen from the comfort of Middle Caye (the island GRRS sits on.) In the morning, we made a poster for the parrotfish experiment, presented it, then explored the shallow seagrass beds and found little snails, crabs, fish, and all sorts of cool things. I got sunburnt :/ 

The afternoon saw some cool stuff too, as we walked along the trail to the “coral graveyard” where Pleistocene-era corals are all fossilized on the beach. It was interesting to see how the graveyard faded into the water and eventually into a living reef, a testament to the geology of how the island came about and could possibly grow as those corals die and trap sediment. I also loved to see the life under these corals, as their fossils made a perfect habitat for snails, little crabs, and sea urchins! I saw something I’ve never seen before, a Bryozoan! The one thing I didn’t like about the coral graveyard was the amount of litter and rubbish everywhere, that was obviously washed up by the ocean. Made me sad to see it all, and wonder if there could be some volunteer project hosted by the WCS to clean it up. We also happened upon a beach, where we found an entire (open, full of seawater) bottle of gold rum. Also, an important note about the beach: all that sand is Wrasse (parrotfish) poop! Even though I didn’t see wrasses today, I certainly saw their effects!

At night, we were supposed to go snorkeling, but that did not happen due to weather conditions. We didn’t let it get us down though, as we had a great night of “night lighting” off the dock. Basically, we tied a light to a dock post and had it bobbing around for about an hour. We saw all sorts of cool things attracted to the light, including little shrimps, larval crabs, glass eels (larval stage of tarpon, bonefish, and eels) and a reef squid we named Angie (after our amazing cook at LCRS.) 

As we complete day 3, I realize we’re already more than halfway through the GRRS portion of our class. It is crazy to think that we will be landing in Houston in just a couple days! 

Images

Bryozoan found on flipped over fossilized coral
Parrotfish Eating Behaviors Poster
Angie the Reef Squid

Day 11: Redlight! Greenlight!

May 26, 2025

GRRS Full Day 2

Believe it or not- it was another great day to be a TFB (tropical field biologist!) This morning began with a project regarding parrotfish, which are a subfamily of wrasses! Parrotfish have notoriously mysterious eating habits – we know they eat coral, seagrass, and algae, but recent studies have suggested that they may be eating other things on these large observable things, so we mark down the large observable while missing what they’re actually trying to eat. Our hypothesis: We will find that different parrotfish species will eat different things in the reef. Our method of study: Fish Follow Surveys. This method, as is indicated by the name, is one where a researcher (or in our case, a pair of researchers) follows a fish for a couple minutes and records its activity. My partner, Claire, and I were assigned to the Stoplight Parrotfish. In both the morning and afternoon sessions we conducted our Fish Follow Surveys on many different members of the Stoplight Parrotfish species, with some images below. 

In the evening, in addition to Noelle and Sohee’s presentations on Surgeonfishes and mine on Wrasses, we heard from Kenneth, Manager of GRRS (employed by the Wildlife Conservation Society,) a Marine Biologist from the Belize Fisheries Department, and Chock, a member of the Belize Coast Guard, and we heard about what they do to support the life of Glover’s Reef Atoll and the other rich biodiversity of Belize’s coast. Fun fact: Belize has the largest living coral reef (keyword: living. The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is the largest reef, but it is unfortunately dying) 

I’m excited to compile the FFS data tomorrow with the rest of the class (who all worked on other species of parrotfish) and explore the terrestrial side of an Atoll’s Island.

Images:

Female Stoplight Parrotfish Eating [REDACTED] (see my post tomorrow 🤪) Captured by Claire and I

Day 10, GRRS Day One: Fins in the water (… in the sand :)

May 25, 2025
GRRS First Full Day!
What a great first day we had! We began with an easy morning, just an equipment check and quick swim to the patch reef right off the island from GRRS. I was so excited to get in the water and see my first wrasses! I saw a juvenile Spanish Hogfish during the “fins in the water” swim that morning, but the wrasse sightings didn’t stop there!
In the afternoon, we took a boat ride a ways a way to Long Key (only 10ish minutes, not the 3 hours of the day before.) There, I saw so many wrasses (and took pictures of 38 of them) My favorite ones I saw were the Juvenile Painted Wrasse because it stumped us on the identification process, so it was fun to figure it out, and the adult male Blueheaded Wrasse, because I had done a bunch of research on it, so I was excited to see it in person. It also let me follow it around with my camera without darting away (unlike the Slippery Dick or the Puddingwife) so I got some good pictures. It was super fun to get out and see the reef, even if I got stung by a fire coral (felt like a jellyfish sting, 0.3/10 on the pain scale) in hot pursuit of a juvenile yellowheaded wrasse. Good news: I got the picture!
Overall it was a great day, and I can’t wait for another 4 more here! Can’t believe we’re on day 10 of this amazing experience!
Images:
Juvenile Painted Wrasse
Juvenile Spanish Hogfish
Adult Male Blueheaded Wrasse
Juvenile Yellowheaded Wrasse

Day 9: Good afternoon, Glover’s!

May 24, 2025

Travel Day TEC —> GRRS (Glover’s Reef Research Station) 

Today was another awesome day to be a tropical field biologist. We woke up bright and early again at the TEC, and prepared our luggage and our selves to travel by boat ~80 miles from Belize City to the GRRS. At 8, we hopped in the van for an/hour and a half ride to Belize City along the George Price Highway (George Price was the first British Premier and later Prime Minister of an independent Belize. We’ve been on his highway a lot so I googled him) with stops at a huge supermarket for last-minute supplies and then we grabbed some lunch at “Old Belize,” a tourist-y food court/ waterpark/gift shop. The Stew Chicken and fro-yo I had was lovely.

No chicken or frozen delectable was nearly as lovely as what was to come: a beautiful 2-3 hour boat ride out to Glover’s Reef. This boat ride was so fantastic there are truly no words. It was the perfect level of wavy to rock me right to the brink of a nap, the water was so deeply blue and beautiful, and I loved having my TFB friends with me on the ride. I also notably had Taylor Swift with me (in my ears) on the ride as well. 

After the lovely boat ride, we disembarked at GRRS and met the station staff and Kenneth, the station manager. I learned that this station was managed by the same organization that manages all of NYC’s Zoos, which I thought was pretty cool! This place is probably one of their better spots… I’m sure the NYC land is worth more $ but this place is truly unbeatable. The view from the front porch of the Pelican Cabin (where all the students are staying) is better than any home or hotel I’ve been in up to this point. When we arrived, I also met Clivus, the recycling toilet! It is basically a big hole and then you cover your business with sawdust. I was shocked that just the sawdust keeps the smell down. After settling in and having dinner, we went to hear lectures about parrotfishes and soft corals before heading to sleep, and getting ready for our first full day at GRRS tomorrow!

<3,

Sam

Images:

View from Boat Ride
View from front porch of Pelican Cabin

Day 8: Adios Las Cuevas!

May 23, 2025

Travel Day! LCRS —> Tropical Education Center (TEC)
We woke up bright and early to clear out of the LCRS. WOW, how the time flew! It really feels like just yesterday we were driving into LCRS for the first time. I was sad to leave, but definitely excited for what was in store! What was that, you ask? A full tour of the Actun Tunichil Muknal (ATM) Cave!
Our tour guide, Rafael, was so great! He told us about how the Maya people used the ATM cave, and then took us into it to show us the ruins. Among them, skeletons from Maya human sacrifice. It was very interesting to hear how much every detail of the cave meant to them, as a representation of the Maya underworld. The placement of their firepits, for example, was designed so that shadows of certain figures resembled their god of rain’s wife, so to them that represented her presence in the cave and her availability to be a conduit for them to pray for rain as well. Overall, this cave was so cool to see and swim through, and we had such a great day.
After that, went to the TEC, settled in, and then went on a night tour of the Belize Zoo. I loved to see all the nocturnal animals, but I also loved to see how the Belize Zoo was dedicated to wildlife conservation. The only animals they had were kept from the wild either because they were orphaned and raised by humans (and therefore could not survive on their own in the wild) or if they were medically unable to return to the wild, like the Jaguar Martin, who lost his eye due to glaucoma. And, as always, it would not be a Sam blog post without an ant mention! Back at the TEC, I saw a cute “Leafcutter Ant Crossing” sign that was displayed over one of the leafcutter’s highways. I loved it!
Tomorrow, I’m looking forward to an awesome boat ride to the beautiful Glover’s Reef Research Station (GRRS) 80 miles off the coast of Belize City in the Caribbean Sea!
<3,
Sam
Images
ATM Cave Welcome Sign
ATM Cave Skeleton (formerly known as Crystal Maiden, no longer certain of gender so this name is out of style) (https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-crystal-maiden-of-the-actun-tunichil-muknal-cave-belize)
Belize Zoo Sign  (picture from Lily Hestjean)
Jaguar at Belize Zoo (bad picture, sorry!)
Leafcutter ant crossing sign

Day 6: Las Cuevas de Las Cuevas

May 21, 2025

“We began this morning monkeying around (literally)” – Elise Trenk, 2025, Rice University.
Elise wasn’t wrong. We really did. During birding, Jane (LCRS Manager, researched Howler Monkeys) noted that the monkeys were out behind the Classroom building, so out we went. It was so cool to see the family of 5 howler monkeys and their cute baby! After monkeying around, we had breakfast.
From breakfast, we departed for the cave entrance directly next to Las Cuevas Research Station (Las Cuevas = The Caves!) I really enjoyed the cave, as I loved hearing about the geology. The most interesting part for me was the soda straws dripping acidic liquified calcium carbonate which was forming stalagmites over millions of years. It was interesting that the soda straws’ products were regarded as “virgin water” to the Maya people and venerated similarly to holy water. I wish we were allowed to take pictures, but I will try to find one online!
After the cave, we departed for the 50-Hectare Plot where we got the nitrogen limitation pitfall traps (pee tubes) and brought them back to LCRS for analysis. We performed a morphospecies analysis similar to what we did with soil samples in Brazos Bend in BIOS 213. For those who haven’t taken that course, we had designated experts for each type of organism who would then identify which species an example was. It was easy to pick who was going to be which expert, as we are all designated taxon experts for the class, so I ofc ourse Wa the ant-man. This was quite interesting, as the traps had a surprising number of ants in them. I had a line of people at my microscope for ant identification. My favorite part of the analysis was seeing Adam’s 2 Acromyrmex ants, as this was the only time I saw them the whole trip! The poster demonstrating the results for this project is inserted below!
Following poster presentation, we departed for a beautiful sunset hike to the Bird Tower. We enjoyed the sunset, great conversation, then headed back for a wonderful dinner!
Images:
Nitrogen Limitation research poster
Las Cuevas/ Stalagmites/ Soda Straws (image from https://belizefuntours.com/belize-caves/)
Acromyrmex ants (image from antwiki.org)
Sunset from Bird Tower (Photo creds: Noelle Hall)

The Ant-Man Super Bowl: Leafcutter Nest Excavation

May 20, 2025
Hello again! As you can tell from the title, today was yet another amazing day at Las Cuevas Research Station. The day began with some light birdwatching, during which we saw some flying macaws, a toucan, and a Northern Mealy Amazon parrot. These were very cool to see!
Our morning and half of the afternoon was filled with finishing up the Cecropia experiment and listening to presentations. Before I get into what we did with the second part of the afternoon, I’ll illustrate the results of our experiment. As you can see from the poster below, the question “was how do young cecropia trees defend themselves if they’re not colonized and protected by a colony of Azteca ants?” Unfortunately, our results were inconclusive. Due to limitations on time, we weren’t able to catch Orthoptera herbivores of the same species, so that factor was not standard, and we also had the problem of hydration of the leaves (we can’t know if the leaves were absorbing water, or how much they had at the time oof weighing, because we are in a field station with only one afternoon and one morning to devote to this project.) So, the results were inconclusive, but you can read our poster pictured below. (The poster was a collaborative effort; if you know me, you know that’s not my handwriting.) After the project was over, we had a presentation from the Rafael Manzanero, director of the Friends for Conservation and Development, which is a really cool Belizean NGO that manages the LCRS, Chiquibul National Park and Forest Reserve, and they defend it. They have armed rangers, filling the role that the government plays in the US. It was very interesting to hear from him. After that, I gave my Ants Taxon Briefing, Lily gave hers on Epiphytes, and Dyllan talked about plant-insect interactions. During those presentation, we also heard from Yasmini Manzanero, the FCD’s Cultural Heritage and Karst Expert, and she briefed us on the cave system we are to explore tomorrow.
After those presentations, we had the ant-man Super Bowl: we excavated leafcutter ant nests to find their fungal garden. This was truly exciting. First, we approached the young colony (~1 year in age, 1 entrance) which is in the clearing right next to Jane’s (LCRS Manager) cabin. This is an optimal location for a Leafcutter colony because they like forest edges. The edges provide easy access to fresh vegetation for their fungus, while also providing the queen easy access to get into the ground quickly. We began our excavation by digging next to the colony, because fungal gardens (which is where the queen is) aren’t usually underneath the colony entrance, but they’re off to the side. Excavating this way minimizes damage to the colony’s structure and garden. This was so fun, because Dr. Solomon pulled out the entire fungal garden on a large kitchen spoon. With the whole garden came the queen, which was also awesome to see. She was so huge, because she has to store her sperm for up to 20-25 years and she also has to store her fungus when she leaves the colony she’s from, so she had a lot going on. It was super cool to see her.
Once we had thoroughly explored the young colony, we approached the mature colony. The mature colony was ~x years old and had many entrances. We selected this mature colony because it was raised, meaning the fungal gardens would be easier to access. This colony presented a problem though: the many hundreds and thousands of soldier ants that swarmed as we excavated. This meant that everyone had to put their things far away, and continually stomp soldier ants off their boots so they didn’t chew through them. As the ant-man, I was excited to see the horde of ants flowing out of the nest like a mighty stream and I grabbed the shovel. I was mostly successful, but I did get one battle wound. This was quite a different wound, as it hurt in the moment but it faded quickly. It also bled a lot, which was concerning (and turned my stomach bc I do not like blood very much) but that also subsided quickly. All in all, it was a great ant-super bowl and I’m super proud to have been a part of the excavating. After the wounds, we found the fungus. This fungus was interesting because a) there was much more of it, naturally, and b) It had a different texture than the fungus of the young colony. I’d be interested to compare them in a lab.
Following dinner, we had our first night hike. We saw a rare Pauroque bird (one of the “heard not seen” birds,) but the coolest thing we saw was the leafcutter ant highway. During the day, you see a couple or even a steady stream of ants flowing on these highways. At night, this highway was PACKED. It probably looked like the Katy Freeway when they brought 45, 90, and 180 to Rice. It is pictured below.
Images:
Cecropia Experiment Poster (if you have seen me write, you know that I did not write this. It was a collaborative effort.)
Battle wound from Excavation of Mature Colony (Got bit by Soldier Atta cephalotes)
Young Colony’s Fungal Garden
Ant Highway During Night Hike