Category Archives: Uncategorized

Day 4: Staying Over at the Ant’s Place

Today was just another day in the field. We were investigating the interactions between two different species of ants with their respective environments, Cecroppia trees and the Azteca ants, and leaf cutter ants (Atta cephalotes). I didn’t really expect to see any roaches today, since the only roaches I knew that had some affiliation with ants are of the genus Attaphila, meaning ant loving. These guys are about 2-5 millimeters long and can often be seen hitching a ride on flying queen ants, which emerge right before the first rains in Belize. As we are coming in right at the end of the dry season, it may be possible to find these Attaphila, but I doubted whether we could spot a creature as small as a few millimeters in the midst of a giant ant nest.

One of our activities involved digging up leaf cutter ant nests to find their fungus chambers (see below!). During one of the digs, one of my colleagues spotted an inch long roach like creature in the midst of the angered ants. It appeared to have been actually living in the nest, a characteristic of Attaphila! Unfortunately we accidentally lost the roach as we were unable to stop digging, but after some in depth roach profiling with my colleague I learned that the creature was an inch long, lacking wings, shiny, and quite oval shaped (1 inch length, .5 inch width). This was clearly longer than any other Attaphila I had heard described in Belize or in other parts of the world. It may even be possible that this is a different ant loving (myrmecophile) species altogether. But without a picture I can’t verify, so hopefully I may be able to find another one during our activities!

A small sample of underground fungus farmed by leaf cutter ant (Atta cephalotes)
A small sample of underground fungus farmed by leaf cutter ant (Atta cephalotes)

Day 3: Bold Choices

DSCN1328

Today was our first day of actual fieldwork!  We wanted to study how species richness and composition vary in natural and man-made clearings, so we marked out 12 locations on the map.  The hike looked completely manageable when mapped out on the whiteboard, but the elevation was a little more than we anticipated.  13 miles, 31,000 steps, and 10 hours later, we had placed our traps. We put 6 camera traps on roads, trails, and human-frequented clearings.  In addition, we put 6 traps in natural clearings such as tree fall gaps, streams, and massive leafcutter ant nests.

DSCN1339

We saw 3 termite nests today, but still no termites.  The first was an arboreal nest approximately 1 m off the ground, but it was very far off the ground.  We also found a carton mound approximately 50 cm tall.  Although the mound was empty, it resembled a Rotunditermes bragantinus mound.  Likewise, we found an empty clay mound 20 cm tall, which could have belonged to Embiratermes neotenicus.  In addition, I found a tree that had died, but was still standing.  The heartwood was filled with insect tunnels reminiscent of Coptotermes formosanus damage. I have not been this tired in a very long time, but we saw and heard lots of amazing wildlife and it was definitely worth the hike.

Day 4: Why we wear rain boots.

Today was ant day. In the morning we set up some Tupperware boxes with leaves and different herbivores- a caterpillar, an odd beetle (?), and six orthoptera. The leaves are from Cecropia or trumpet trees and are usually filled with Azteca ants-unless they are quite young. So we are trying to see differences in the herbivory on mature Trumpet trees that have ants already and the young that do not, results that could be indicative of some sort of chemical defense in the young trees lacking the defense provided by ants. So of course we went out into the field. We were tasked with collecting the leaves and herbivorous generalists we would use in our set up. Trumpet trees tend to grow in disrupted areas such as roads. We therefore began walking down the road.

While searching for our materials we saw lots of insects, including Lepidoptera. We saw army ant soldiers that have huge mandibles. I also saw a lot of Blue Morpho butterflies. It seemed right when I let my guard down one would fly by quickly, always evading my net. I also saw another heliconia and realized I had misidentified the one I saw yesterday. Along the road side one kept fluttering in and out of the brush. The one yesterday and the one today were both “postman butterflies” or Heliconius melpomene rosina. And the Blue Morpho continued to tease me. A small satyr-looking butterfly landed on someones hand also.

In the afternoon, we excavated leaf-cutter ant nests. The last one was down one of the trails a bit and is over ten years old. There are millions of ants in the single nest and a good deal of them went into a frenzy when we began digging. The ants can pinch through skin and made a couple people bleed. They can also cut through shoe laces…hence why we wear rain boots. Around dusk, walking back to the station, I saw one of the most impressive butterflies. The Owl butterfly can grow over 7 inches in wingspan and one landed in front of me on the trail. I saw the closed wings, so its gorgeous eyespots were visible.

DSCN0079

Successful net catches today = 2 butterflies. I have a very low success rate, but I am improving.

Day 4: Ant behavior and interactions

Today we looked at two species of ants, Azteca ants and leafcutter ants. Azteca ants are a genus of ants that have a symbiosis with Cecropia trees. The ants provide protection from herbivores and competitors for the trees, and the trees provide shelter and nutrition for the ants. We wanted to look at how the trees are able to thrive when they are juveniles and before an ant queen has colonized the tree. To do this, we split into groups and designed hypotheses for how the trees adapted. My group looked into whether juvenile Cecropia trees mimicked other plant species or characteristics through physical adaptations. Tomorrow each of the groups will summarize their data and come up with a conclusion. It will be interesting to see which of the groups has the most convincing argument.

DSCN1115
Silhouette of a Cecropia tree
DSCN1121
Close-up of palmate Cecropia leaves

During the second half of the day we examined the life cycle of a leafcutter ant nest. Queens can live more than 20 years, although workers usually do not live longer than a year. Some colonies can have around 5 million individuals. Additionally, a mature colony can be about equal to a cow, in both weight and volume of plant material processed in a year. While we’ve been at Las Cuevas, we’ve noticed a lot of leafcutter ant trails around the area. Today we learned that those trails are only made by colonies that have been established for around 10 years. Smaller nests aren’t able to create or maintain the trails.

Scott hard at work digging up an ant's nest
Scott hard at work digging up an ant’s nest
View into a fungal chanber
View into a fungal chamber. The ants collect leaves to feed the fungi that they farm

The most interesting tree that I observed today was a papaya tree. Originally we thought that the papaya tree was a Cecropia juvenile, but the details didn’t match. The tree had large palmate leaves, a very tall and skinny trunk, and smooth bark, which are characteristics similar to Cecropia. However, the leaves were more lobed than Cecropia leaves and the reproductive structure of the papaya was different. It would be interesting to know how related Cecropia and papaya are; the books that we have access to here didn’t have information on their relatedness. I also was able to identify a tree species that we saw at Caracol with green flowers. The tree was a Mosannona garwoodii. The flowers were very camouflaged and appeared slightly waxy. I haven’t seen the same tree yet here, but it could be around.

Palmate papaya leaves
Papaya leaves are similar to Cecropia leaves but more lobed
Mossanan
Mosannona garwoodii flower at Caracol

Tomorrow we have the opportunity to explore a cave in the region. I’m excited to see what life we’re able to find in the cave.

Some privacy please…

Unbelievable encounter today—I witnessed two giant katydids mating near a massive leaf cutter ant nest. The amorous pair fled to the safety of a tree where I shot this photo of them.

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

These two, and the third of the same general appearance (who I assume was the lookout) were highly camouflaged and had large spines on their hind legs.

This all occurred while we were digging out the leaf cutter ant nest in search of their fungus garden. These highly complex social insects spend all day collecting foliage, which they use to feed not the ants, but their fungus garden, which in turn is the ants’ only source of food.

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

In order to cut up the foliage into ant sized pieces the animals have large, sharp mandibles for slicing. But it’s not just leaves that they slice with these formidable jaws, but also young biologists! After being nibbled on by a minor worker (these insects have a caste system based on body and specifically head size—the minors are the smallest of these castes) I thought these ants were chumps. Then the major workers had a much easier time cutting through callouses on my hands. The soldiers however (pictured here), were truly tough, drawing blood from my fingers with their bites. Luckily no stings, however, so the pain was manageable.

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

Camera Traps Abound + >16,700 Steps Before Lunch

Hello hello everyone! Before I get into any of the day’s activities, I have some very exciting news! Last night, I had two taxa sightings! The first was a black ground beetle (Pterostichus melanarius) in the family Carabidae spotted in the classroom in the building next to ours as it crawled along the walls. The second was a flat faced longhorn beetle (Callipogon barbatus) and was actually in one of my classmate’s hair.

DSCN0446
A banded netwinged beetle (Calopteron discrepans)

Today I was also able to identify three different beetle species. There was another ground beetle, this time of a dark coppery almost black color, that was crawling on the ground near the base of the Bird Tower and a banded netwinged beetle (Calopteron discrepans) near the base of a large fallen tree as well as many fireflies (we captured one and I believe it was the species Ellychnia corrusca within the Lampyridae family based on the stripes on its back and lack of distinct median ridge) flickering about during our hike through the rainforest.

A firefly (Ellychnia)
A firefly (Ellychnia corrusca)

Speaking of which, today we went out into the Chiquibul Forest for the first time and what an experience that was! Over 31,400 steps taken, over 13 miles covered, over 2800 calories burned, and over 120 flights of stairs later, we had set up 12 camera traps to take pictures of the species that roam the area for the next five days. Now I am going to head to bed and get some rest for tomorrow’s activities. Thanks for reading! 🙂

Made it to the top of the Bird Tower!
Made it to the top of the Bird Tower!

Bootcamp Las Cuevas, Day 3

I am dead.

I’ve been on some intense hikes in my life, but I doubt I have ever walked as far as I did today, while wearing rubber boots. 13.25 miles in the final count. I do not have blisters. I do not have sunburn. I did not receive any mosquito bites. I can finally join club “I Found a Tick.”  I don’t believe I have ever sweated so much in my life. Today I swam through the slicks of perspiration drenching my body.

I did all of this to set up our 12 camera traps. Hopefully we capture some interesting Belizean animals. Even though I am tired and lying in my bed wanting a good night’s sleep I know I wont get because Mandy snore, I enjoyed my day. After a few miles hiking through the humid forests, I began to acclimate myself to the environment and enjoy the sights, sounds, and smells of the Chiquibul. This is an amazing place for sure. Also, no bees. Sorry.

I am writing a shorter blog than usual but I will be back tomorrow!

P.S. To my family: I am not actually dead. I’m okay. As my mother would say to me “Buck up kid!”

2016-05-19 09.10.33
The 319 crew trekked to each green and red sticky note, accumulating 13.25 miles of hiking.
DSCN3471
Randy is reading out the GPS coordinates of one of our last camera traps.

Caracol and things that went wrong, Day 2

The day started bright and early with a cornucopia of fried dough, syrup, and coffee at 6 am. I had only received about five and a half hours of sleep but I did not wake up or stir at all during the night. I found myself sleepy for nearly the entire day, but we get a break tonight to catch up on our sleep.

I saw my first bee today! There were a number of dark bees feeding from the nectar feeders at Crystal Paradise. They appeared to be bees belonging to the tribe Euglossini. The only thing that confused was the fact that they did not appear iridescent or metallic. That is one of the characteristics that define the Euglossini genus. However, it could be entirely possible that these bees belonged to the genus Eufrasia, which is another genus that belongs to the Euglossini tribe. Those bees tend to be darker and black, with any metallic coloring located on their heads. The other distinguishing feature of the Euglossini tribe is the enlarged hind tibias that male bees have to store and carry nectar. I took a few photos that showed exactly this.

After we packed up all of our things, we headed out in our van. I fell asleep instantaneously and missed most of the drive. I only woke up a few times and was lucky that I got to see a coati walking along the road. We arrived at Caracol, an ancient Mayan archaeological site, and headed out to the ruins. We climbed the tallest man-made structure in Belize, and it was built about 1500 years ago! Everyone was sweating a lot under the hot sun and the strong humidity. That was when I noticed these tiny little black insects hovering around and landing on people’s skin. When I got a closer look, I saw that they were sweat bees. Sweat bees belong to the Halictidae family and are attracted to human perspiration. The ones I saw were also very tiny, but very distinctly bee.

After we ate lunch at the ruins, we packed up the van yet again with the plan of going swimming in some pools. Of course, this was never meant to happen. Our van broke down and we had to be rescued by those residing at Las Cuevas. We packed our people and gear onto two pickup trucks and endured a bumpy 45-minute ride to the research station. Upon arrival, I was immersed in the sounds of the forest. Currently I am writing this blog outside on the porch as we wait for dinner and am listening to the myriad bird sounds emanating from the trees. I may be dirty, but I am content.

I can’t promise any photos. Cross your fingers that the Ethernet will load them!

2016-05-18 06.55.22
A black species of Euglossini bee. Taken at Crystal Paradise.
DSCN3419
Africanized honey bees
2016-05-18 11.03.35
Caracol
Caracol
Caracol
DSCN0035
The 319 crew minus Scott at Caracol. PC: Scott Solomon

Day 3

Well we all died physically today. I believe that the final amount of miles hiked was a little bit above 13. My feet are destroyed. The back of my right knee feels like a pulled a muscle in it. I have a bug bite with dried blood on it and a bruise. But I don’t consider today a bad day by any stretch of the imagination. Why? Because I spotted on the orchids on my taxonomic ID sheet. (Oncidium altissimum) It was so so exciting, I can’t even put it elegantly into words. These are the moments when it becomes painfully obvious that I have to be an EBIO. The major is all that I am interested in. Of course, I also saw the large green bromeliad (as well as a couple other structurally similar bromeliads), further reminding me to look for a book in LCRS. I think what my new strategy is going to be is to try to assess my findings via my pictures after the day is done. Especially on today’s hike, we were moving so quickly that I couldn’t figure out my epiphytes in time.

As for our project, we decided to look at how man-made clearings and natural clearings compare. We picked quite the variety of sites, which is why we ended up walking so far during the day. It took us so long that when we got back the station, it had been dark for hours, (I think we all thanked the EBIO gods when Scott said that tomorrow wouldn’t be nearly as much walking.)

Tomorrow we focus on ants, having just listened to the taxonomic briefing on the topic. We don’t yet know what the two projects will be but they will be great. I have no doubt that this will get me even more excited to take insect biology in the fall with Dr. Solomon.

Day 2

Our first real day has been quite eventful. Most importantly, I got to get a sense of the species composition of epiphytes in Belize. I wish I had the ability to revise my species ID card. It’s so difficult to determine what is going to be of high prevalence in a specific (and unfamiliar) region when we are so far away. I keep seeing this large green bromeliad on many different types of trees. I hope that the Ethernet comes through tonight when I upload my blog so that I can look it up. On the bright side, I also think that I saw an Androlepis skinneri on one of the trees in near the Mayan city of Caracol.

Visiting those ruins was one of the most sweltering experiences of my life. Still, no one was going to let sweat hinder their willingness to see Mayan ruins. The scale of what was accomplished never ceases to amaze. I think that everyone in the group was feeling similarly. Everywhere I went, the large green bromeliad taunted me. I keep forgetting to go look at the books available at the Las Cuevas Research Station. I have one on orchids but I don’t expect that it will be utilized or all that helpful.

I am mentally preparing myself for tomorrow. I think it will be a big day of hiking. I’m not sure that I’m physically prepared I am. We will see tomorrow.