(Nakian) May 19: Trap x Monkey Tail x Firefly

I am surprised that I have never seen a firefly before. The fake green light in the TV is nothing like the shimmering calls of the fireflies. Their segmented orange bottoms flashed in the dead dark trail of the night rainforest. The fragile light of the firefly was a tear of the nature that cannot be shed in urbanized roads.

Today we went up to set up camera traps to capture the species composition and richness in human-influenced and natural trails. Man it was a long hike but I got to find two more ant species. First I found Camponatus ant commonly called the “golden butt ant.” They were huge, almost ~2cm and had hairy gold butt (abdomen). They were found in the trail up the 50 hectare ecological experiment site, walking along a dried vine.
Another one I found was Pseudomyrmex gracilis which has symbiosis with acacia tree. It was pretty smaller than what I expected but could clearly see the wasp-like long eyes which is not common in ants whose eyes are mostly small. I caught them but dared not to touch them because they are known to have nasty stings. They were found in the western part of the site.

In the afternoon to evening, we hiked the monkey tail trail to set up more cameras. There I saw some more Leaf-cutter ant colonies and trails. Interestingly, one of the colonies had different species in it. Scott told me that the mound itself is Leaf-cutter’s. I am not sure what happened. Maybe the colony was abandoned and new ant species occupied it. On the way back, night came and Leaf-cutter ants were very active that the once empty trails were bustling highways. Maybe they are more active at night.

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Day 4: Amazing Ant Adventures

This morning, we explored the symbiosis between Cecropia trees and Azteca ants.  These species have a mutualistic relationship where the ants defend the trees from herbivores, and the trees provide a home for the ants.  However, it takes some time for the ants to colonize the trees.  We set out to study how young trees defend themselves against herbivores before colonization by Azteca ants.  We tested the hypothesis that young Cecropia trees use chemical defenses, such as pheromones or toxins, to prevent herbivory.  To do this, we gathered leaves from mature and juvenile trees.  We put a leaf fragment from both ages into containers that each contained a generalist herbivore (grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, etc).  Tomorrow, we will measure the mass change of each leaf to see if herbivorous insects determine if they prefer a certain age of leaf without the ants to deter them.  As we were looking for Cecropia trees, we found a termite foraging trail winding up the underside the branches of a tree.  They were relatively far away, and we weren’t able to identify them.

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Next, we explored leafcutter ant colonies.  I was amazed to discover that leafcutter ants have domesticated their own fungus, and the ants in a mature colony weigh as much and eat as much as an adult cow.  The first colony we excavated was about a year old.    It had a single volcano shaped entrance.  The second colony was approximately 5 years old, and had 3 broad, mound shaped entrances.  In addition, it had larger majors that helped defend the colony.  Finally, we excavated a mature colony over 10 years old.  It was very large, and the ants had cleared an area approximately 20 m by 20 m in the forest.  This colony may have had millions of ants, including soldiers with very large mandibles.

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As we were heading back, Lucrecia and I stopped to listen to the howler monkeys.  We didn’t see any, but it was incredible to know they were so close, hiding amongst the trees. When you stop and listen, the jungle comes to life around you, and the variety of calls you can hear is astounding.  It is such a magical experience to share this space with so many species I never would have dreamed of encountering.

*We dug down until we could just barely see the fungus chambers. The ants will quickly repair this damage.  No queens were harmed in the making of this course.

Day 3: Bold Choices

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Today was our first day of actual fieldwork!  We wanted to study how species richness and composition vary in natural and man-made clearings, so we marked out 12 locations on the map.  The hike looked completely manageable when mapped out on the whiteboard, but the elevation was a little more than we anticipated.  13 miles, 31,000 steps, and 10 hours later, we had placed our traps. We put 6 camera traps on roads, trails, and human-frequented clearings.  In addition, we put 6 traps in natural clearings such as tree fall gaps, streams, and massive leafcutter ant nests.

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We saw 3 termite nests today, but still no termites.  The first was an arboreal nest approximately 1 m off the ground, but it was very far off the ground.  We also found a carton mound approximately 50 cm tall.  Although the mound was empty, it resembled a Rotunditermes bragantinus mound.  Likewise, we found an empty clay mound 20 cm tall, which could have belonged to Embiratermes neotenicus.  In addition, I found a tree that had died, but was still standing.  The heartwood was filled with insect tunnels reminiscent of Coptotermes formosanus damage. I have not been this tired in a very long time, but we saw and heard lots of amazing wildlife and it was definitely worth the hike.

Day 4: Why we wear rain boots.

Today was ant day. In the morning we set up some Tupperware boxes with leaves and different herbivores- a caterpillar, an odd beetle (?), and six orthoptera. The leaves are from Cecropia or trumpet trees and are usually filled with Azteca ants-unless they are quite young. So we are trying to see differences in the herbivory on mature Trumpet trees that have ants already and the young that do not, results that could be indicative of some sort of chemical defense in the young trees lacking the defense provided by ants. So of course we went out into the field. We were tasked with collecting the leaves and herbivorous generalists we would use in our set up. Trumpet trees tend to grow in disrupted areas such as roads. We therefore began walking down the road.

While searching for our materials we saw lots of insects, including Lepidoptera. We saw army ant soldiers that have huge mandibles. I also saw a lot of Blue Morpho butterflies. It seemed right when I let my guard down one would fly by quickly, always evading my net. I also saw another heliconia and realized I had misidentified the one I saw yesterday. Along the road side one kept fluttering in and out of the brush. The one yesterday and the one today were both “postman butterflies” or Heliconius melpomene rosina. And the Blue Morpho continued to tease me. A small satyr-looking butterfly landed on someones hand also.

In the afternoon, we excavated leaf-cutter ant nests. The last one was down one of the trails a bit and is over ten years old. There are millions of ants in the single nest and a good deal of them went into a frenzy when we began digging. The ants can pinch through skin and made a couple people bleed. They can also cut through shoe laces…hence why we wear rain boots. Around dusk, walking back to the station, I saw one of the most impressive butterflies. The Owl butterfly can grow over 7 inches in wingspan and one landed in front of me on the trail. I saw the closed wings, so its gorgeous eyespots were visible.

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Successful net catches today = 2 butterflies. I have a very low success rate, but I am improving.

Day 4: Ant behavior and interactions

Today we looked at two species of ants, Azteca ants and leafcutter ants. Azteca ants are a genus of ants that have a symbiosis with Cecropia trees. The ants provide protection from herbivores and competitors for the trees, and the trees provide shelter and nutrition for the ants. We wanted to look at how the trees are able to thrive when they are juveniles and before an ant queen has colonized the tree. To do this, we split into groups and designed hypotheses for how the trees adapted. My group looked into whether juvenile Cecropia trees mimicked other plant species or characteristics through physical adaptations. Tomorrow each of the groups will summarize their data and come up with a conclusion. It will be interesting to see which of the groups has the most convincing argument.

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Silhouette of a Cecropia tree
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Close-up of palmate Cecropia leaves

During the second half of the day we examined the life cycle of a leafcutter ant nest. Queens can live more than 20 years, although workers usually do not live longer than a year. Some colonies can have around 5 million individuals. Additionally, a mature colony can be about equal to a cow, in both weight and volume of plant material processed in a year. While we’ve been at Las Cuevas, we’ve noticed a lot of leafcutter ant trails around the area. Today we learned that those trails are only made by colonies that have been established for around 10 years. Smaller nests aren’t able to create or maintain the trails.

Scott hard at work digging up an ant's nest
Scott hard at work digging up an ant’s nest
View into a fungal chanber
View into a fungal chamber. The ants collect leaves to feed the fungi that they farm

The most interesting tree that I observed today was a papaya tree. Originally we thought that the papaya tree was a Cecropia juvenile, but the details didn’t match. The tree had large palmate leaves, a very tall and skinny trunk, and smooth bark, which are characteristics similar to Cecropia. However, the leaves were more lobed than Cecropia leaves and the reproductive structure of the papaya was different. It would be interesting to know how related Cecropia and papaya are; the books that we have access to here didn’t have information on their relatedness. I also was able to identify a tree species that we saw at Caracol with green flowers. The tree was a Mosannona garwoodii. The flowers were very camouflaged and appeared slightly waxy. I haven’t seen the same tree yet here, but it could be around.

Palmate papaya leaves
Papaya leaves are similar to Cecropia leaves but more lobed
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Mosannona garwoodii flower at Caracol

Tomorrow we have the opportunity to explore a cave in the region. I’m excited to see what life we’re able to find in the cave.

Day 4: Ants on ants on ants on ants…

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Today’s bird watching session was really awesome. I saw almost all the birds I saw yesterday again. The vultures seem to have multiplied… maybe they know something we don’t. The Plumbeous Kite was hanging out in its tree again. In addition to those guys, there were a pair of Toucans, which were extremely pretty, and an Montezuma Oropendola, which added its distinctive cry to the morning symphony.

In the morning we did a study on the Cecropia tree and the Azteca ants. Usually these ants will defend adult cecropias but we wanted to find out what types of defenses against herbivores the juvenile cecropias have before they get colonized by ants. My group wanted to look at the potential difference between juvenile and adult leaves, maybe a change in characteristics can mitigate herbivore damage before the ants arrive. We took size and toughness measurements of leaves from 5 adult trees and 2 juvenile trees. We’ll do more data analysis tomorrow so we’ll see how that goes.

In the afternoon we went and dug out some leaf cutters ant nests. We started with a young nest, then moved up to a slightly older nest and finally a mega nest. We dug until we hit their fungi chambers where they keep their fungi gardens (their food) and their babies. The mega nest was pretty dangerous, a couple of people, including myself, bitten whilst trying to find the chambers. Their bites are pretty gnarly but at least they don’t sting.

I didn’t die from ants, so it was a good day.

-Randy

Some privacy please…

Unbelievable encounter today—I witnessed two giant katydids mating near a massive leaf cutter ant nest. The amorous pair fled to the safety of a tree where I shot this photo of them.

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OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

These two, and the third of the same general appearance (who I assume was the lookout) were highly camouflaged and had large spines on their hind legs.

This all occurred while we were digging out the leaf cutter ant nest in search of their fungus garden. These highly complex social insects spend all day collecting foliage, which they use to feed not the ants, but their fungus garden, which in turn is the ants’ only source of food.

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OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

In order to cut up the foliage into ant sized pieces the animals have large, sharp mandibles for slicing. But it’s not just leaves that they slice with these formidable jaws, but also young biologists! After being nibbled on by a minor worker (these insects have a caste system based on body and specifically head size—the minors are the smallest of these castes) I thought these ants were chumps. Then the major workers had a much easier time cutting through callouses on my hands. The soldiers however (pictured here), were truly tough, drawing blood from my fingers with their bites. Luckily no stings, however, so the pain was manageable.

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OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

Trekking, Trapping, and Tick-biting

Day 3 gave us all a true sense of what hard-core field work is like. The entire day was spent hiking through the forest to set up camera traps. Half of the hike was relatively flat, while the other half was filled with steep ups and downs. Overall, we trekked well over 13 miles.

Before heading out on the trails, we had to decide what we wanted to test using the camera traps. By placing camera traps on both human roads/trails and in naturally open areas, we can explore the differences in species composition and richness along man-made pathways and natural areas. This may demonstrate the effects of human interference on these species measures in the Chiquibul.

We saw no mammals on the hike, which was a bit disappointing but not surprising. As a group of 16 tromping through the forest during the dry season, we make quite a bit of noise, and thus animals can move out of sight long before we arrive. In addition, many mammals are most active at dawn, dusk, or night, and thus spotting mammals during day hikes will be more difficult. I am hoping that we will see at least some mammals during night hikes, in the mornings, or in camera trap images. Some animals that we did see included a plumbeous kite, scarlet macaws, morpho butterflies, and nymphs of an unknown bug species.

I had some crazy mishaps during today’s activities. I must have sat on a congregation of ticks at some point during the hike because I was covered in them. Thankfully, not many had actually bitten me, though the ones that had were relatively difficult to find! Then, once we had returned for the day, I discovered a large red rash going down both my legs. We think it’s just heat rash or something similar, as I feel fine otherwise and it isn’t really painful, but definitely counts as a bit of a mishap!

Day 3: Ouch

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Woke up at before my alarm at 4:50 today. Guess I was too excited for bird watching. Funny thing is that I actually woke up before the birds. Saw a bunch of different birds once they started coming out. Apparently the big dried up tree in front of the main building at Las Cuevas is a popular chill out spot for birds. Social Flycatchers are pretty common over here, they pretty small and I think they’re pretty, they have brown wings and a yellow chest. Parrots were constantly fly overhead. I was lucky enough to see a Plumbeous Kite, which is a hawk looking thing, chase a flycatcher around. After we had breakfast, we saw some pretty rare birds that I can’t really talk about.

Today we set up our camera traps. We put 12 of them out there in the field. We went around the 50 hectare plot trail, the bird tower trail, and the monkey tail trail. All in all we hiked 13.47 miles today. My feet hurt. My brain is switched off. I would write more but nah. Not sure how ready I am for tomorrow.

-Randy

Camera Traps Abound + >16,700 Steps Before Lunch

Hello hello everyone! Before I get into any of the day’s activities, I have some very exciting news! Last night, I had two taxa sightings! The first was a black ground beetle (Pterostichus melanarius) in the family Carabidae spotted in the classroom in the building next to ours as it crawled along the walls. The second was a flat faced longhorn beetle (Callipogon barbatus) and was actually in one of my classmate’s hair.

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A banded netwinged beetle (Calopteron discrepans)

Today I was also able to identify three different beetle species. There was another ground beetle, this time of a dark coppery almost black color, that was crawling on the ground near the base of the Bird Tower and a banded netwinged beetle (Calopteron discrepans) near the base of a large fallen tree as well as many fireflies (we captured one and I believe it was the species Ellychnia corrusca within the Lampyridae family based on the stripes on its back and lack of distinct median ridge) flickering about during our hike through the rainforest.

A firefly (Ellychnia)
A firefly (Ellychnia corrusca)

Speaking of which, today we went out into the Chiquibul Forest for the first time and what an experience that was! Over 31,400 steps taken, over 13 miles covered, over 2800 calories burned, and over 120 flights of stairs later, we had set up 12 camera traps to take pictures of the species that roam the area for the next five days. Now I am going to head to bed and get some rest for tomorrow’s activities. Thanks for reading! 🙂

Made it to the top of the Bird Tower!
Made it to the top of the Bird Tower!

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