Totally psyched that we hiked

Today was our first (and hardest) full day of hiking in the rainforest! We started with an early-morning birding session fueled by coffee and awe. We heard melodious blackbirds, and saw black vultures, turkey vultures, ocellated turkeys, plumbeous kites, TWO toucans, and a collared aricari.

After a hearty breakfast, we drafted an experimental design to characterize the habitat use of predators and prey in the Chiquibul, and we suited up for a long hike to set up some camera traps.

Into the jungle (Pre-first hike)
Out of the jungle (Post-first hike)

Dr. Solomon gave me an aspirator to suck up ants into a little viewing chamber for easier identification. I didn’t get to (or need to) use it today on our hike, but it is very cool, in theory, to be like an anteater slurping up ants in the rainforest. I did see a new ant species today: the army ant (Eciton sp.)! At first, I thought it was another leafcutter (Atta cephalotes)  trail, because they were moving in a straight line rather than the carpet-like swarms that are associated with the army ant species that I know of (E. burchellii), but their conspicuous reddish-color and large soldier class still identifies them as army ants.

I also saw the same type of Ponerine/Hypoponerine ant that I saw at Caracol yesterday, and this time I got some really good close up pictures, so hopefully I can consult the ant guide book and get a positive ID.

We also saw an absolutely humungous leafcutter ant nest deep in the rainforest on our hike (we set up a camera trap there, so we have an excuse to go back in a couple days). The mound was probably four feet tall and several meters in radius with dozens of entrance tunnels and ventilation shafts! Dr. Solomon said that the entire biomass of the colony was about equivalent to that of a cow, and that they probably consume about the same amount of vegetation per day.

A superhighway of leafcutters

Caracol and Chiquibul

Today was chalk-full of adventure, history, and changes. We woke up early at TEC and made three field-ID’s before breakfast! First, I spotted a Shimmering Golden Sugar Ant (Camponotus sericiventris) and I told everyone that would listen to me about golden ant butts. Then, I let McKenna borrow my binoculars and she identified both a Great Kiskadee and a Social Flycatcher flitting about high up in a pine tree. Lastly, on our way into breakfast at the dining hall, we spotted an agouti (which promptly ran away from us).

We left TEC after breakfast and were on our way to Caracol Archaeological Reserve and then to Chiquibul National Forest.

Caracol was absolutely stunning. I have never visited any ancient ruins, and it was incredible to learn about the Mayan civilization and culture. The site of Caracol is vastly underappreciated  and under-documented. Archaeologists have excavated several huge temples and astronomical buildings, but the entire complex is a seven mile radius with more than 35,000 individual structures (at its peak). I think the most fascinating building at the site was the ‘E-group’ astronomical building, whose three peaks align with the position of the rising sun at three key points throughout the year! As I climbed up the opposite building to see what the ancient Mayan astronomers did, it started to pour down rain (our first taste of Belize’s wet season), which made the uneven mossy steps even slipperier.

Slippery stone steps

We saw some very large leafcutter ant (Atta cephalotes) colonies (more than a meter in diameter) and also a very small one! Dr. Solomon said that the small one was probably a year or two old, because it only had two entrance holes to the nest.  I also saw a very large ant with mottled/spotted coloration that I didn’t recognize. I asked Dr. Solomon and he theorized that it could be a Ponerine or Hyperponerine ant.

Ponerine (?) ant

Forest day 3: wANT to look at Ants? (06/18/22)

It’s already our second Saturday on this trip. We get back on Wednesday. Time is passing so fast. This morning for breakfast they changed it up with some ham and bread with the beans and eggs rather than bacon and tortillas. It wasn’t a coffee morning for me though.

After breakfast, Michael presented his lecture in tropical soils, during which we were all told to hydrate and drink our water. After the lecture, we did an experimental design for testing the abundance of arthropods on the forest floor vs the canopy, in nutrient rich conditions (pee tubes) vs nutrient poor conditions (water tubes). After planning, we then went to pee into tubes. The setup for this experiment is: at breast height on a tree, one water tube and one pee tube will be wired onto opposite sides of the tree, and then at the base of the tree, with the same orientation, the second water and pee tubes will be put flush into holes in the ground.

The horrific vials *shudder*

The tubes are going to be picked up tomorrow for collection and counting of arthropods. I didn’t actually go out with the group to put the tubes up since my ankle was hurting from twisting it yesterday, but my tubes were placed in the field by someone. While they were out, they apparently ran into a jumping viper (venomous) and an eyelash viper (also venoumous) that someone who has worked here for 12 years hadn’t even seen.

Eyelash Viper (Bothriechis schlegelii)
Tiny jumping viper (Atropoides picadoi)

The group returned at lunch, which is when I rejoined them. After lunch, we went exploring around the field station clearing on the search for small leaf cutter ant nests. Once we decided on one, Scott instructed us on how to dig next to it to find the fungus cavity. This nest was young, only about a year old, so it was quite small. We saw some seargent majors (large worker ants), but no soldiers (large defense ants) since the colony was so short. He dug out some of the fungus from in the cavity, and eventually pulled out the queen for viewing. She was huge!

In an attempt to excavate a larger colony (which ended up being abandoned), we found a Mexican burrowing toad!! They are super funny looking guys, with gelatinous bodies, splayed legs and almost no neck. I didn’t get to hold him since I was wearing bug spray, but he was such a rare and cool find. 

Mexican Burrowing Toad

Scott then excavated another colony, solely to show us what soldiers looked like. Some people picked them up, and even let them bite their shirts?? It’s a no from me dawg. 

 

I didn’t have much exposure to new trees today, but while we were in the clearing looking at the ant nests, we noticed some almost blackberry looking things on the ground, which I identified as some sort of cone, that were very light and had a woody consistency when cut into. These cones are the seeds of the bay cedar (Guazuma ulmifolia). I also believe I saw a small Billy Webb tree (Acosmium panamensis) along the edge of the clearing based on the shape and color of its fruits, although I could be wrong. 

We finished up the day with the lectures of the day before dinner, with free time or an optional night hike (which I did not choose to go on, again, because of my ankle).

today is also the day that I learned that I am covered in chigger bites on my arms from yesterday’s falls. They’re so itchy, I hate it.

That concludes day 11 – can’t believe we’re so far in. 




Into the Rainforest: Cool Views and Camera Traps

Today we had our first introductions to the Chiquibul rainforest! We got to come up with a new research project using a bunch of camera traps to get pictures of animals that we might be scared away if we tried to see them in person. We set up 16 total camera traps all around the research station to see which predators and prey of the forest use areas of human influence such as trails and roads differently. This gave us a great opportunity to spend pretty much all day hiking around the rainforest and getting to know the area! 

On these excursions we saw so many cool things! We could look up and see so many different trees, palms, and other epiphytes such as bromeliads. Dr. Solomon also showed us a truly magnificent leafcutter ant nest that was nearly 20 years old and ridiculously huge! At the peak of one of the trails, we climbed up a tower that looks over the whole rainforest with nothing but trees for miles and miles! And then on the way down, we found a small cave that the Maya used, which was so beautiful and we even found a small area of ceramic sherds! 

Within this cave, and throughout the entire hike, I found so many examples of cool arachnids! Along the trails in the leaf litter, I saw (and held!) some harvestmen, which are a class of arachnids that include daddy long legs. I also saw so many different types of webs, such as thick funnels in the tree trunks. Some of the coolest ones we saw though, were the huge black spiders hanging from the ceiling in the cave! Although I couldn’t identify these sentinels (or get good pics because my camera died), it was still awesome to see so many of them! 

Spider egg sac found along the trail

Canopee!!! (Day 11)

Hi all, it’s Faith with Day 11 updates from the 2022 Belize trip!!!

Today we had another round of early morning bird watching, and it seems we keep adding more and more coffee to our cups. Because of the fog, we didn’t see much, so we had and nice morning chat.

After breakfast, we went over to the classroom to watch Micheal’s presentation on soil (specifically soil, not dirt). After the presentation the professors told us we had to pee in vials to put out in the rainforest… and then count the arthropods that are attracted to it. I wasn’t happy about it, but sometimes you have to pee in the rainforest in the name of science. This is actually one of our experiments.

We hypothesized that arthropods would be 1) more attracted to the pee vials than the water vials, 2) more arthropods would be on the forest floor than canopy over all, and 3) that a higher ratio of canopy arthropods would be in the pee vials than the water vials than the ground arthropods. After filling the vials, we set out to place 16 stations in the forest, at least 10 feet apart. One of each vial type (water and pee) were placed on the ground and in the trees at each station. We plan on checking them tomorrow to collect our findings.

Even thought this experiment was…. Something else … I was glad we went on the Mayan trail because I saw a jumping pit viper (Atropoides mexicanus)! Phoenix was walking and happened to notice it shuffling through the path leaves. It was nearly identical to the deal leaves’ color, and it was unusually small. We got plenty of pictures. After seeing it, I asked the professor if they had ever seen an elusive eyelash viper on the trip, to which he said “we’ve never seen one on a Belize trip.” I had figured that would be the case since these vipers are hard to find. Literally as he said that, Elena yelled that there was another snake. You guessed it, sitting on a log about 1ft above the ground was a lichen-colored eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii). I was almost afraid to identify it as one because I was in disbelief! Of all the reptiles to find, this was one of the best. Later on, we got to show the lead park ranger the viper because he hadn’t seen a wild one even after working here for 12 years! This was only the begging if of our luck…

After lunch we searched around the research station for leaf cutter and mounts. We found a few by the far cabins, and we began to dig them up! We started with a small 1 yo mound and eventually found the fungus growing room and Queen! After becoming ant finding experts (not really lol), we tried digging  up another nest and got nothing but spiders! Nevertheless, Prof. Solomon convinced us to keep digging saying that the ants would get here eventually. Instead of ants, however, we duh up a Mexican burrowing toad!!! He was so gelatinous!!! He was defiantly one of the trips coolest finds.

Since today ended kind of early, we did presentations before dinner, I presented on reptiles!

I’ll update you for our next hike, till then!

QOTD: “mark is real” no

“Ohhhh tomorrows day is father day!”

Mexican Burrowing Toad
Eyelash Viper (Bothriechis schlegelii)
Tiny jumping viper (Atropoides picadoi)
The horrific vials *shudder*

Our Fastest Hike!

Hey guys! It’s Michiel again : )

The class was up early to collect the pitfall traps we set yesterday. We felt like real TFBs as we were out there because we went out there without a professor to lead us. We were able to pick up all the traps in about 30 minutes. We went back to the station with our tubes, poured out the contents in a petri dish, and picked out arthropods with forceps. We ended up collected five arthropods from the canopy traps filled with water, seven arthropods from the canopy traps fill with pee, twenty arthropods from the floor traps filled with water, and twenty-six arthropods from the floor traps filled with pee. We were able to conclude that there are more total bugs on the forest floor than the canopy, and we believe this is true because the forest floor is more nutrient rich than the canopy due to falling organic matter. We also saw that, in general, the arthropods preferred the pitfall trap with nutrients; however, the data shows that the arthropods in the forest floor may prefer it more than the ones in the canopy. We believe that maybe arthropods in the canopy have adapted to less available nutrients and thus don’t seek them out much, unlike the ones on the forest floor, but we’re not too sure about that reasoning.

After analyzing our data, Adrienne, Ava, Sophia, Elena, Rusty, Michael, McKenna, and I went out to collect the camera traps we had set up the other day. We went through the trails really fast, sweating through our clothing at some points. Eventually, the rain started, which cooled us down, but we were able to get through the trails that took us the entire day on Friday in only an hour and a half. After collecting the traps, we went back to Las Cuevas where we noticed the incessant sound of Mexican Burrowing Toads coming from Frog Pond. A couple of went out to go look at them, but, unfortunately, they all seemed to be hidden in the thicket that surrounded the pond. However, it was really cool to hear the croaks coming from all directions. Here’s a picture of us there!

The rest of the day was fairly uneventful. However, we did get to see a dog on the road! I finally saw a mammal, you guys. My phone was dying, though, so I couldn’t take a picture. I’m sure you all know what a dog looks like. It was brown and white and the breed of dog was indiscernible.

Hopefully, I’ll get to see some wild mammals soon!

Day 11: A Pee-fect Day with Snakes, Toads, and Tree Frogs

The TFBs wanted to set up an experiment to record and assess if the relative difference and abundance in change in arthropods on the canopy and the forest is influenced by nutrients. Our nutrients were… DUN DUN DUNNNN…  our own pee.

Our nutrients 😉

We set up arthropod pitfall traps all along the Mayan Trail of Las Cuevas. We spotted a jumping viper and eyelash viper in the middle of the trail! Both are venomous and the eyelash viper is so elusive that the manager of Las Cuevas who has been here for years hasn’t even seen one!

Eyelash Viper almost perfectly camouflaged

I spotted a zombie moth (moth taken over by fungus) and several beetles. I saw two types of longhorn beetles! You can tell these beetles are long horn beetles because they have long antennas.

After lunch we learned so much about ant hills and excavated a 1 year old leaf cutter ant nest we got to see the queen ant and her wing scars!

Leaf-Cutter Ant Hill
The Queen Ant! 🙂

We also got to witness major and soldier ants as they tried to protect the fungus! Their mandible were so sharp that they can slice skin! One grabbed onto my finger nail and I could feel it’s strength.

On our second escalation with a more mature ant hill, Michael plunged the shovel into the mud and found… MEXICAN BURROWING TOAD! (it was unharmed by the shovel of course).

Elena holding my new favorite amphibian- the Mexican Burrowing toad!

It was absolutely adorable and it’s very rare to see them in nature this time of year (they come out later in the wet season)! It had very strong back legs for burrowing and it peed on Elena.

For our night hike, I spotted a tree frog which is hard to see during the day and it jumped onto Rusty’s face- I guess it knows that who studied the amphibian taxa!  

Morelet Tree Frog- a critically endangered species

We also got to see a snake eating tree frog eggs!!!

Tree frog eggs- before they are eaten

It’s was absolutely incredible and reminds we that we are watching and learning about how animals behave in the wild and it’s such a different experience than learning in a text book! Loving the TFB life.

Peace and love <3

~ Maegan 

Completely Nerding Out: A Great Day for Archeology and Arachnids

Today we left the lovely TEC to journey into the Chiquibul rainforest! We had a long and bumpy car ride through the capital city Belmopan through the Maya Mountains, to our first stop: the Caracol Archeological Reserve! As someone who is also majoring in anthropology/archeology, this visit was so insanely cool! We saw multiple different plazas, ballcourts, and complexes, and got to walk up and explore one of the large stone structures, the top of which is the highest manmade point in Belize! The view was so vast and impressive! We also saw these enormous ceiba trees which had giant buttresses and intertwining roots

I also saw the first signs of my rainforest taxa which are arachnids! While we were at the site, there were a few dark and moist recesses in the stone walls, where we just barely spotted a tailless whip scorpion ! These dudes look pretty freaky, but they are non venomous and won’t hurt you. They usually like living in caves, so I wasn’t expecting to see any until our last day spelunking adventure! 

 

After this visit, we made another long car ride to Las Cuevas Research Station. We had a short orientation to the site, but spent most of our time last night doing lectures so we haven’t really gotten to explore yet. That’s for tomorrow’s adventure!

Forest day 2: Discovering a new phobia (06/17/22)

Oh boy has it been a day. A day it has been. We’ll start from the beginning, which was more chill, then move forwards throughout the day.

After the late night of bugs, I skipped the morning bird watch to get an extra hour of sleep (till a bright and early 6:30AM). After a breakfast of bacon, beans, tortillas, and fruit, we had a planning session for our 4 day camera trap experiment.

Our plan was to place 5 cameras each in 3 location types (trail, road, and jungle) to measure how often predators (small and large) and prey (small and large). We set off hiking once we were done planning, hiking down the “shortcut” trail, where we placed one camera, to get to the road. (This is all wearing rubber boots by the way). This went pretty smoothly: there was one steep area on the shortcut trail that I was sliding a bit since it’s the wet season, we got through to the road to place more cameras.

My personal goal for this day was to be on the look out for any trees with buttressed roots (which are pretty much super extended, almost platelike roots above the surface). These trees are usually larger than the others in the rainforest (the laterally extended roots often work as structural reinforcement since the trees they support are so tall, such as the ceiba tree), but since the species with these roots are so tall, it can be hard to determine the species of the tree without sight of the leaves, so identification was often impossible. 

Along the road I believe that I spotted a big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Along the trails, I saw 9 trees with buttressed roots, most of which I was unable to identify. However, I do believe that one was a strangler fig (Ficus aurea) and one was a ceiba (Ceiba pentandra). Right next to the ceiba, I believe that I saw a chicle/sapodilla tree (Manilkara chicle), the tree used in making chewing gum, which had the very characteristic slash marks on its bark.

And right outside our bunks is a spanish cedar tree (Cedrela odorata), which is considered a vulnerable species!

After we placed 1 trail camera and 5 road cameras, it was time for lunch. We returned, and after lunch we were given some time to prepare for going back out.  Adrienne switched boots with me because I had some difficulty with sliding on the shortcut trail’s steep section, and we were expecting to be going up to the bird tower trail, which is known to be very steep. 

This is where the previously unknown phobia comes in. I don’t know why, I didn’t know that I had this fear, or what exactly the fear is, but as we were climbing these steep, muddy inclines, I freaked out. When we first got to the incline area, I looked up and automatically thought “nope” but I kept going anyways, and promptly slipped in the mud and fell. And then after that I kept pushing through, but I was terrified and literally having panic attacks between sections climbed, and fell once more. Adrienne stayed with me in the back and helped me make it through, which I greatly appreciated. We eventually finally made it up to the bird tower, which I climbed with no skepticism (I’m not afraid of heights, again I don’t know what this fear I discovered is).

On the way down, it was just as slick, but slightly easier, but I still fell again on the way down. We did encounter a cave that had some old Maya pottery inside, which was really cool! I twisted my ankle on a rock in there though, so that was fun. Today was just not my day. The rainforest does not like me. I am definitely team surf. 

 

Some cool things we saw in the forest though: 

The largest leaf cutter ant nest Scott has ever seen!

A tree fall on the path so we had to cut a new path through the forest!

Some red tree frog eggs!

2 turtles!

Maya pottery in cave!

We also saw some scarlet macaws in the Chiquibul forest!

The night presentations were by phoenix and rusty, about biogeography and amphibians.

Day 9: The Lost City

Today, we made our way from the Tropical Education Center, where we stayed the night, to Las Cuevas Research Station. However, we did not take a direct shot between the two. Instead, we made a bit of a detour, to the uncovered Mayan ruins of Caracol. Our tour guide Leo, was a vast ranivore of knowledge about the ruins and the ancient Mayan culture. The structure these ancient civilizations created are truly domineering and impressive. Far beyond the size I imagined. At this particular sight, the key structure is still the tallest man-made building in all of Belize, despite being built thousands of years ago. We were able to explore for a couple hours, take some fun photos, and eat a delicious lunch while there.
We then made the hour drive to Las Cuevas. Reaching the station marked the start of a new and exciting adventure. Birds, insects, arthropods, and plants galore. The diversity of the rainforest is immense and strikingly different from my desert home. I, however, did not encounter an amphibian today. Here is where I can use my line that I probably heard them calling amongst the many sounds of the forest. Frogs/toads have very distinctive calls, and although I can’t identify them by ear yet, because it’s the wet season there is a good chance they were out there calling (especially since they are most active at night).
Today was an incredible experience, and fascinating to see the dynamic between the ancient ruins and the domineering natural forces of the forest. I am excited to be here, and start the second half of the course!

~Rusty

Mayan Ruins at Caracol
View from the top

Rice University